Iziphumo zamaza ombane wombane kwiintsholongwane ze-pathogenic kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nazo: uphononongo kwiJenali yeVirology.

Usulelo lwentsholongwane ye-Pathogenic lube yingxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu kwihlabathi liphela. Iintsholongwane zinokosulela zonke izinto eziphilayo zeselula kwaye zibangele amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenzakala kunye nomonakalo, okhokelela kwizifo kunye nokufa. Ngokuxhaphaka kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic ezinje nge-acute acute breathing syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo nezikhuselekileyo zokwenza iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic zingasebenzi. Iindlela zesiNtu zokuvala iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic ziyasebenza kodwa zinemida ethile. Ngeempawu zamandla angena ngamandla, i-resonance yomzimba kwaye akukho ngcoliseko, amaza e-electromagnetic abe sisicwangciso esinokubakho sokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane ye-pathogenic kwaye atsala umdla okhulayo. Eli nqaku libonelela ngombono weempapasho zamva nje malunga neempembelelo zamaza ombane kwiintsholongwane ze-pathogenic kunye neendlela zazo, kunye nethemba lokusetyenziswa kwamaza ombane wokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane ye-pathogenic, kunye neengcamango ezintsha kunye neendlela zokungasebenzi.
Iintsholongwane ezininzi zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, zihlala ixesha elide, ziyingozi kakhulu kwaye zinokubangela ubhubhani wehlabathi kunye nemingcipheko enkulu yempilo. Uthintelo, ubhaqo, uvavanyo, ukupheliswa kunye nonyango ngamanyathelo aphambili okunqanda ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane. Ukupheliswa ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic kubandakanya iprophylactic, ukukhusela, kunye nokuphelisa umthombo. Ukungasebenzi kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic ngokutshatyalaliswa kwe-physiological ukunciphisa ukusuleleka kwabo, i-pathogenicity kunye namandla okuzala yindlela esebenzayo yokuphelisa. Iindlela zemveli, kubandakanywa ubushushu obuphezulu, iikhemikhali kunye nemitha ye-ionizing, inokuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zisenemida ethile. Ngoko ke, kusekho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezintsha zokungasebenzi kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic.
Ukukhutshwa kwamaza ombane we-electromagnetic kunezibonelelo zamandla aphezulu angena, ukufudumeza okukhawulezileyo kunye okufanayo, i-resonance kunye ne-microorganisms kunye nokukhululwa kweplasma, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ibe yindlela esebenzayo yokwenza iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic zingasebenzi [1,2,3]. Ukukwazi kwamaza ombane ukwenza iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic zingasebenzi kwaboniswa kwinkulungwane edlulileyo [4]. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwamaza e-electromagnetic ukuze kusebenze iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic kuye kwatsala umdla okhulayo. Eli nqaku lixubusha umphumo wamaza e-electromagnetic kwiintsholongwane ze-pathogenic kunye neendlela zazo, ezinokusebenza njengesikhokelo esiluncedo kuphando olusisiseko kunye nolusetyenziswayo.
Iimpawu ze-morphological zentsholongwane zingabonakalisa imisebenzi efana nokuphila kunye nokusuleleka. Kubonisiwe ukuba amaza ombane wombane, ngakumbi i-ultra high frequency (UHF) kunye ne-ultra high frequency (EHF) electromagnetic waves, anokuphazamisa i-morphology yeentsholongwane.
I-Bacteriophage MS2 (MS2) isoloko isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zophando ezifana novavanyo lwe-disinfection, imodeli ye-kinetic (i-aqueous), kunye ne-biological characterization yee-molecule zentsholongwane [5, 6]. UWu wafumanisa ukuba ii-microwaves kwi-2450 MHz kunye ne-700 W zibangele ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokucutheka okubalulekileyo kwe-MS2 phage zamanzi emva komzuzu o-1 wokukhanya okuthe ngqo [1]. Emva kophando olongezelelweyo, ikhefu kwindawo ye-MS2 phage nayo yabonwa [7]. I-Kaczmarczyk [8] iveze ukunqunyanyiswa kweesampulu ze-coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) ukuya kumaza e-millimeter kunye ne-frequency ye-95 GHz kunye noxinano lwamandla angama-70 ukuya kwi-100 W / cm2 kwi-0.1 s. Imingxuma emikhulu inokufumaneka kwiqokobhe elirhangqayo lentsholongwane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphulukaneni nezinto ezikuyo. Ukuvezwa kumaza ombane we-electromagnetic kunokonakalisa iifom zentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho kwiimpawu ze-morphological, ezifana nokumila, ububanzi kunye nokuguda komphezulu, emva kokuvezwa kwintsholongwane ngemitha ye-electromagnetic ayaziwa. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuhlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu ze-morphological kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenza, ezinokubonelela ngezalathi ezixabisekileyo neziluncedo zokuvavanya ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane [1].
Ubume bentsholongwane buhlala buqukethe i-nucleic acid yangaphakathi (i-RNA okanye i-DNA) kunye ne-capsid yangaphandle. I-Nucleic acids imisela iimpawu zofuzo kunye nokuphindaphinda kweentsholongwane. I-capsid ngumaleko wangaphandle weeprotheyini ezicwangcisiweyo rhoqo, i-scaffolding esisiseko kunye ne-antigenic component yamasuntswana entsholongwane, kwaye ikhusela i-nucleic acids. Uninzi lweentsholongwane zinesakhiwo semvulophu eyenziwe ngelipids kunye ne-glycoproteins. Ukongeza, iiprotheyini zemvulophu zinquma ubuchwephesha be-receptors kwaye zisebenza njenge-antigens eziphambili ezinokuthi zibonwe yi-immune system. Isakhiwo esipheleleyo siqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kunye nokuzinza kwemfuza yentsholongwane.
Uphando lubonise ukuba amaza ombane, ngakumbi amaza ombane e-UHF, anokonakalisa iRNA yeentsholongwane ezibangela izifo. I-Wu [1] iveze ngokuthe ngqo imo engqongileyo enamanzi yentsholongwane ye-MS2 ukuya kuma-2450 MHz ii-microwaves kwimizuzu emi-2 kwaye yahlalutya ijini ye-encoding protein A, iprotein ye-capsid, iprotein ye-replicase, kunye neprotein ye-cleavage nge-gel electrophoresis kunye ne-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RT-PCR). Ezi mfuza zaye zatshatyalaliswa ngokuthe chu ngokunyuka kwamandla okuxinana kwaye zade zanyamalala nawona mandla axineneyo aphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukubonakaliswa kweprotheyini ye-A gene (934 bp) yehla kakhulu emva kokuvezwa kwamaza e-electromagnetic ngamandla e-119 kunye ne-385 W kwaye yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo xa ubuninzi bamandla bonyuswa kwi-700 W. Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba amaza ombane angakwazi, ngokuxhomekeka kwidosi, tshabalalisa isakhiwo se-nucleic acids yeentsholongwane.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba isiphumo samaza ombane we-electromagnetic kwiiproteni zentsholongwane ye-pathogenic zisekwe ikakhulu kwimpembelelo yazo engathanga ngqo yobushushu kubalamli kunye nefuthe labo elingathanga ngqo kwiprotein synthesis ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-nucleic acids [1, 3, 8, 9]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ze-athermic zinokutshintsha kwakhona i-polarity okanye isakhiwo seeprotheni zentsholongwane [1, 10, 11]. Isiphumo esithe ngqo samaza ombane wombane kwiiproteni ezisisiseko/ezingezozakhiwo ezinje ngeeproteni ze-capsid, iiproteni zemvulophu okanye iiproteni ze-spike zeentsholongwane ze-pathogenic zisafuna ukufunda ngakumbi. Kutshanje kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba imizuzu emi-2 yemitha yemitha ye-electromagnetic kwi-frequency ye-2.45 GHz enegunya le-700 W inokunxibelelana namaqhezu ahlukeneyo entlawulo yeprotheyini ngokwenziwa kweendawo ezishushu kunye neendawo zombane ezijikelezayo ngeziphumo ze-electromagnetic [12].
Imvulophu yentsholongwane ye-pathogenic ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokukwazi ukusulela okanye ukubangela izifo. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaxela ukuba i-UHF kunye namaza ombane wombane we-microwave anokutshabalalisa amaqokobhe eentsholongwane ezibangela izifo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, imingxunya eyahlukileyo inokubonwa kwimvulophu yentsholongwane ye-coronavirus 229E emva kokuvezwa kwesibini kwi-95 GHz millimeter wave kuxinzelelo lwamandla angama-70 ukuya kwi-100 W/cm2 [8]. Isiphumo sokudluliselwa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo kwamaza ombane kunokubangela uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokutshabalalisa ubume bemvulophu yentsholongwane. Kwiintsholongwane ezivaliweyo, emva kokugqabhuka kwemvulophu, ukusuleleka okanye umsebenzi othile ngokuqhelekileyo uyancipha okanye ulahlekile ngokupheleleyo [13, 14]. U-Yang [13] uveze intsholongwane yomkhuhlane we-H3N2 (H3N2) kunye ne-H1N1 (H1N1) intsholongwane yomkhuhlane kwii-microwaves kwi-8.35 GHz, 320 W/m² kunye ne-7 GHz, 308 W/m², ngokulandelelanayo, imizuzu eyi-15. Ukuthelekisa imiqondiso ye-RNA yeentsholongwane ze-pathogenic ezivezwe kumaza ombane kunye nemodeli eqhekeziweyo ekhenkcezisiweyo kwaye yanyibilika ngoko nangoko kwinitrogen engamanzi kwimijikelo emininzi, kwenziwa i-RT-PCR. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba imiqondiso ye-RNA yeemodeli ezimbini zihambelana kakhulu. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba isakhiwo somzimba wentsholongwane siphazamisekile kwaye isakhiwo semvulophu sichithwa emva kokuvezwa kwimitha ye-microwave.
Umsebenzi wentsholongwane unokubonakaliswa ngokukwazi ukusulela, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokubhala. Usulelo lwentsholongwane okanye umsebenzi udla ngokuvavanywa ngokulinganisa i-viral titers usebenzisa ii-plaque assays, i-tissue culture median infective dose (TCID50), okanye i-luciferase reporter gene activity. Kodwa inokuvavanywa ngokuthe ngqo ngokuhlukanisa intsholongwane ephilayo okanye ngokuhlalutya i-antigen yentsholongwane, ubuninzi bentsholongwane yentsholongwane, ukusinda kwentsholongwane, njl.
Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba i-UHF, SHF kunye ne-EHF yamaza ombane wombane anokwenza ngokuthe ngqo ii-aerosols zentsholongwane okanye iintsholongwane eziphuma emanzini. I-Wu [1] iveze i-MS2 bacteriophage aerosol eveliswa yi-labhoratri ye-nebulizer ukuya kumaza e-electromagnetic kunye ne-frequency ye-2450 MHz kunye namandla angama-700 we-1.7 min, ngelixa izinga lokusinda kwe-bacteriophage le-MS2 laliyi-8.66 kuphela. Ngokufana ne-MS2 yentsholongwane ye-aerosol, i-91.3% ye-MS2 enamanzi ayizange isebenze phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-1.5 emva kokuvezwa kwidosi efanayo yamaza ombane. Ukongeza, ukukwazi kwemitha ye-electromagnetic ukwenza intsholongwane ye-MS2 isebenze kwaye yayanyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo noxinzelelo lwamandla kunye nexesha lokuvezwa. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukusebenza kokucinywa kufikelele kwixabiso eliphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokucima akunakuphuculwa ngokunyusa ixesha lokuvezwa okanye ukwandisa ubuninzi bamandla. Ngokomzekelo, intsholongwane ye-MS2 yayinomlinganiselo omncinci wokusinda we-2.65% ukuya kwi-4.37% emva kokuvezwa kwi-2450 MHz kunye ne-700 W amaza ombane wombane, kwaye akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo lufunyenweyo kunye nexesha elikhulayo lokuvezwa. Siddharta [3] irradiated a ukumiswa kwenkcubeko yeseli equlathe hepatitis C virus (HCV)/human immunodeficiency virus uhlobo 1 (HIV-1) kunye amaza electromagnetic kwi frequency 2450 MHz kunye namandla 360 W. Bafumanisa ukuba virus titers yehla kakhulu. emva kwemizuzu emi-3 yokuvezwa, ebonisa ukuba i-electromagnetic wave radiation iyasebenza ngokuchasene ne-HCV kunye ne-HIV-1 infectivity kwaye inceda ukuthintela usulelo lwentsholongwane nkqu. xa bevezwe kunye. Xa irradiating iinkcubeko iiseli HCV kunye HIV-1 ukunqunyanyiswa kunye amaza electromagnetic eliphantsi-amandla kunye frequency 2450 MHz, 90 W okanye 180 W, akukho tshintsho kwintsholongwane titer, emiselwe yi luciferase intatheli umsebenzi, kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo infectivity viral. zajongwa. kwi-600 kunye ne-800 W ngemizuzu eyi-1, ukusuleleka kwezi ntsholongwane zombini akuzange kunciphe kakhulu, ekukholelwa ukuba kunxulumene namandla ombane we-electromagnetic wave kunye nexesha lokuvezwa kobushushu obubalulekileyo.
I-Kaczmarczyk [8] ibonise kuqala ubungozi be-EHF yamaza ombane ombane ngokuchasene neentsholongwane eziphuma emanzini ngo-2021. Baveze iisampulu ze-coronavirus 229E okanye i-poliovirus (PV) kumaza ombane we-electromagnetic frequency kwi-95 GHz kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla angama-70 ukuya kwi-100 W/cm2. imizuzwana emi-2. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweentsholongwane ezimbini ze-pathogenic kwakuyi-99.98% kunye ne-99.375%, ngokulandelanayo. nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amaza ombane we-EHF anamathuba abanzi okusebenza kwindawo yokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane.
Ukusebenza kokungasebenzi kwe-UHF kweentsholongwane kuye kwavavanywa kumajelo osasazo anjengobisi lwebele kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ekhaya. Abaphandi baveze iimaski ze-anesthesia ezingcoliswe yi-adenovirus (ADV), uhlobo lwe-poliovirus 1 (PV-1), i-herpesvirus 1 (HV-1) kunye ne-rhinovirus (RHV) kwimitha ye-electromagnetic kwi-frequency ye-2450 MHz kunye namandla angama-720 watts. Bachaza ukuba iimvavanyo ze-ADV kunye ne-PV-1 antigens zaba zimbi, kwaye i-HV-1, i-PIV-3, kunye ne-RHV titers yehla ukuya kwi-zero, ebonisa ukungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwazo zonke iintsholongwane emva kwemizuzu ye-4 yokuvezwa [15, 16]. U-Elhafi [17] utyhile ngokuthe ngqo i-swabs ezosulelwe yi-avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), i-avian pneumovirus (APV), intsholongwane yesifo seNewcastle (NDV), kunye ne-avian influenza virus (AIV) ukuya kwi-2450 MHz, i-900 W microwave oven. balahlekelwe kukosulela kwabo. Phakathi kwabo, i-APV kunye ne-IBV zaye zachongwa kwiinkcubeko zamalungu e-tracheal afunyenwe kwiimbumba zamantshontsho zesizukulwana sesi-5. Nangona intsholongwane yayingenakwahlulwa, i-viral nucleic acid yayisafunyanwa yi-RT-PCR. U-Ben-Shoshan [18] uveze ngokuthe ngqo i-2450 MHz, i-750 W amaza ombane wombane ukuya kwi-15 cytomegalovirus (CMV) iisampulu zobisi lwebele olulungileyo kangangemizuzwana engama-30. Ukufunyanwa kwe-Antigen yi-Shell-Vial kubonise ukungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwe-CMV. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-500 W, iisampulu ezi-2 kwezili-15 azizange zisebenze ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ebonisa ulungelelwaniso oluhle phakathi kokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye namandla amaza ombane.
Kukwafanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uYang [13] waqikelela ukuphindaphindeka kwe-resonant phakathi kwamaza ombane kunye neentsholongwane ezisekwe kwiimodeli zomzimba ezimiselweyo. Ukunqunyanyiswa kwamasuntswana entsholongwane e-H3N2 ngoxinaniso lwe-7.5 × 1014 m-3, eveliswe yi-virus-sensitive Madin Darby dog's kidney cells (MDCK), yavezwa ngokuthe ngqo kumaza ombane we-electromagnetic frequency 8 GHz kunye namandla angama-820. W/m² imizuzu eli-15. Inqanaba lokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane ye-H3N2 ifikelela kwi-100%. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-theory threshold ye-82 W / m2, kuphela i-38% ye-virus ye-H3N2 yayingasebenzi, ebonisa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-EM-mediated virus inactivation ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nobuninzi bamandla. Ngokusekwe kolu phononongo, uBarbora [14] ubale uluhlu lwamaza e-resonant (8.5-20 GHz) phakathi kwamaza ombane kunye ne-SARS-CoV-2 kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba i-7.5 × 1014 m-3 ye-SARS-CoV-2 evezwe kumaza e-electromagnetic A wave. nge-frequency ye-10-17 GHz kunye noxinano lwamandla lwe-14.5 ± 1 W/m2 malunga ne-15 imizuzu iya kubangela 100% ukucima. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje olwenziwe nguWang [19] lubonise ukuba i-resonant frequencies ye-SARS-CoV-2 yi-4 kunye ne-7.5 GHz, eqinisekisa ubukho be-resonant frequencies ezizimeleyo kwi-virus titer.
Ukuqukumbela, sinokuthi amaza e-electromagnetic anokuchaphazela i-aerosols kunye nokumiswa, kunye nomsebenzi wentsholongwane kumphezulu. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukusebenza kokungasebenzi kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye namandla amaza ombane we-electromagnetic kunye nesixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukukhula kwentsholongwane. Ukongeza, iifrikhwensi ze-electromagnetic ezisekwe kwiresonances yomzimba zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwentsholongwane [2, 13]. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, impembelelo yamaza ombane wombane kumsebenzi wentsholongwane ye-pathogenic igxile kakhulu ekutshintsheni ukosuleleka. Ngenxa yendlela entsonkothileyo, izifundo ezininzi ziye zaxela umphumo wamaza ombane wokuphindaphinda kunye nokukhutshelwa kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic.
Iindlela zokuthi amaza ombane wombane angasebenziyo iintsholongwane zisondelelene nohlobo lwentsholongwane, ukuphindaphinda kunye namandla amaza ombane wombane, kunye nemeko yokukhula kwentsholongwane, kodwa zihlala zingajongwanga. Uphando lwakutsha nje lujolise kwiindlela zokufudumeza, i-athermal, kunye ne-structural resonant energy transfer.
Umphumo we-thermal uqondwa njengokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa elibangelwa ukujikeleza kwe-high-speed, ukungqubana kunye nokukhuhlana kwee-molecule ze-polar kwizicubu eziphantsi kweempembelelo zamaza e-electromagnetic. Ngenxa yale propati, amaza e-electromagnetic anokunyusa ubushushu bentsholongwane ngaphezu komda wokunyamezelana ngokomzimba, okubangela ukufa kwentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, iintsholongwane zineemolekyuli ezimbalwa zepolar, ezicebisa ukuba iziphumo ezithe ngqo ze-thermal kwiintsholongwane zinqabile [1]. Ngokuchasene noko, kukho iimolekyuli ezininzi zepolar kwindawo ephakathi kunye nokusingqongileyo, njengeemolekyuli zamanzi, ezihamba ngokuhambelana nentsimi yombane etshintshanayo echwayitiswa ngamaza ombane, evelisa ubushushu ngokungqubana. Ubushushu ke bugqithiselwe kwintsholongwane ukuze inyuse ubushushu bayo. Xa umda wokunyamezela ugqithisiwe, i-nucleic acids kunye neeprotheni zitshatyalaliswa, ekugqibeleni zinciphisa ukusuleleka kwaye zingasebenzi intsholongwane.
Amaqela aliqela axele ukuba amaza e-electromagnetic anokunciphisa ukosuleleka kweentsholongwane ngokuvezwa kwe-thermal [1, 3, 8]. I-Kaczmarczyk [8] iveze ukunqunyanyiswa kwe-coronavirus 229E kumaza ombane we-electromagnetic frequency frequency 95 GHz kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla angama-70 ukuya kwi-100 W/cm² kwi-0.2-0.7 s. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kwe-100 ° C ngexesha le nkqubo kubangele ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-virus morphology kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi wentsholongwane. Ezi ziphumo ze-thermal zinokuchazwa ngesenzo samaza ombane we-electromagnetic kwiimolekyuli zamanzi ezijikelezileyo. I-Siddharta [3] ilayite i-HCV equlathe ukunqunyanyiswa kwenkcubeko yeeseli zee-genotypes ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa i-GT1a, i-GT2a, i-GT3a, i-GT4a, i-GT5a, i-GT6a kunye ne-GT7a, kunye namaza ombane we-electromagnetic kwi-frequency ye-2450 MHz kunye namandla angama-90 W kunye ne-3600 W. W, 600 W kunye 800 Tue With ukwanda kweqondo lobushushu benkcubeko yeseli ukusuka kuma-26 ukuya kuma-92 ° C, imitha ye-electromagnetic yanciphisa ukosuleleka kwentsholongwane okanye ingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo intsholongwane. Kodwa i-HCV yavezwa kumaza e-electromagnetic ixesha elifutshane kumandla aphantsi (90 okanye 180 W, 3 imizuzu) okanye amandla aphezulu (600 okanye 800 W, 1 umzuzu), ngelixa kwakungekho ukwanda okubalulekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi. intsholongwane ayizange ibonwe ukosulela okanye umsebenzi.
Ezi ziphumo zingentla zibonisa ukuba impembelelo yokufudumala kwamaza ombane yinto ephambili echaphazela ukusuleleka okanye umsebenzi weentsholongwane ze-pathogenic. Ukongeza, izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba impembelelo yobushushu bemitha ye-electromagnetic yenza iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic zisebenze ngakumbi kune-UV-C kunye nokufudumeza okuqhelekileyo [8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
Ukongeza kwiziphumo zobushushu, amaza ombane anokutshintsha ipolarity yeemolekyuli ezinjengeeproteni ezincinci kunye ne-nucleic acid, ebangela ukuba iimolekyuli zijikeleze kwaye zingcangcazele, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza okanye nokufa [10]. Kukholelwa ukuba ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwepolarity yamaza ombane kubangela iprotein polarization, ekhokelela ekujikeni nasekujikeni kwesakhiwo seprotein kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwiprotein denaturation [11].
Impembelelo engeyiyo yokushisa yamaza ombane kwi-virus engasebenziyo ihlala iphikisana, kodwa uninzi lwezifundo lubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo [1, 25]. Njengoko sichazile ngasentla, amaza ombane anokungena ngokuthe ngqo kwiprotein yemvulophu yentsholongwane ye-MS2 kwaye atshabalalise i-nucleic acid yentsholongwane. Ukongeza, ii-aerosols zentsholongwane ye-MS2 zinovelwano ngakumbi kumaza ombane wombane kune-MS2 enamanzi. Ngenxa yeemolekyuli ezincinci zepolar, ezinje ngeealekyuli zamanzi, kwindawo engqonge iintsholongwane ze-MS2 zentsholongwane, iziphumo ze-athermic zinokudlala indima ephambili kwi-electromagnetic wave-mediated virus inactivation [1].
Isenzeko se-resonance sibhekiselele kumkhwa wenkqubo yomzimba yokufunxa amandla angaphezulu kokusingqongileyo kumaza endalo kunye nobude bamaza. I-resonance yenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi kwindalo. Kuyaziwa ukuba iintsholongwane zisebenza kunye nee-microwaves ze-frequency efanayo kwimowudi ye-acoustic dipole, i-resonance phenomenon [2, 13, 26]. Iindlela zokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-electromagnetic wave kunye nentsholongwane zitsala umdla ngakumbi nangakumbi. Isiphumo sokuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle kwesakhiwo (SRET) ukusuka kumaza e-electromagnetic ukuya kwi-acoustic oscillations evaliweyo (CAV) kwiintsholongwane kunokukhokelela ekugqabhukeni kwenwebu yentsholongwane ngenxa yokungcangcazela kwe-core-capsid echaseneyo. Ukongezelela, ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwe-SRET kuhambelana nobume bendawo, apho ubukhulu kunye ne-pH yentsholongwane yentsholongwane inquma i-resonant frequency kunye ne-energy absorption, ngokulandelanayo [2, 13, 19].
Impembelelo ye-resonance yomzimba yamaza e-electromagnetic idlala indima ephambili ekusebenzeni kweentsholongwane ezigubungelelweyo, ezijikelezwe yi-bilayer membrane efakwe kwiiprotheni zentsholongwane. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukuvalwa kwe-H3N2 ngamaza ombane ane-frequency ye-6 GHz kunye noxinaniso lwamandla lwe-486 W/m² lubangelwa ikakhulu kukugqabhuka kweqokobhe ngenxa ye-resonance effect [13]. Ukushisa kwe-H3N2 ukumiswa kwenyuka ngo-7 ° C kuphela emva kwemizuzu eyi-15 yokuvezwa, nangona kunjalo, ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane ye-H3N2 yomntu ngokufudumeza kwe-thermal, iqondo lokushisa elingaphezu kwe-55 ° C liyadingeka [9]. Iziganeko ezifanayo ziye zabonwa kwiintsholongwane ezifana ne-SARS-CoV-2 kunye ne-H3N1 [13, 14]. Ukongeza, ukungasebenzi kweentsholongwane ngamaza e-electromagnetic akukhokelela ekuthotyweni kwentsholongwane ye-RNA genomes [1,13,14]. Ngaloo ndlela, ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane ye-H3N2 yakhuthazwa yi-resonance yomzimba kunokuba i-thermal exposure [13].
Xa kuthelekiswa nefuthe le-thermal lamaza ombane wombane, ukungasebenzi kweentsholongwane ngokuvakalayo kufuna iiparamitha zedosi ephantsi, ezingaphantsi kwemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-microwave esekwe yiZiko leeNjineli zoMbane kunye ne-Electronics (IEEE) [2, 13]. I-resonant frequency kunye nedosi yamandla ixhomekeke kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zentsholongwane, ezifana nobungakanani besuntswana kunye nokunwebeka, kwaye zonke iintsholongwane ngaphakathi kwe-resonant frequency zinokujoliswa ngokusebenzayo ukuze zingasebenzi. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokungena, ukungabikho kwemitha ye-ionizing, kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane edibeneyo yimpembelelo ye-athermic ye-CPET ithembisa unyango lwezifo ezinobungozi zomntu ezibangelwa yi-pathogenic virus [14, 26].
Ngokusekwe ekuphunyezweni kokungasebenzisi iintsholongwane kwinqanaba lolwelo kunye nomphezulu wemithombo yeendaba ezahlukeneyo, amaza ombane anokujongana ngokufanelekileyo ne-aerosols yentsholongwane [1, 26], eyinkqubela phambili kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuhanjiswa kwentsholongwane. intsholongwane kunye nokuthintela usulelo lwentsholongwane eluntwini. indyikitya yesifo esisulelayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukufunyaniswa kweempawu zeresonance ebonakalayo yamaza ombane kubaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo. Ngethuba nje i-resonant frequency ye-virion ethile kunye namaza e-electromagnetic ayaziwa, zonke iintsholongwane ngaphakathi kwinqanaba le-resonant frequency yenxeba zinokujoliswa, ezingenako ukufezekiswa ngeendlela zendabuko zokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane [13,14,26]. I-electromagnetic inactivation yeentsholongwane luphando oluthembisayo kunye nophando olukhulu kunye nexabiso elisetyenzisiweyo kunye namandla.
Xa kuthelekiswa neteknoloji yokubulala intsholongwane yemveli, amaza ombane aneempawu zokhuseleko olulula, olusebenzayo, olusebenzayo lokusingqongileyo xa ubulala iintsholongwane ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa [2, 13]. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi iingxaki eziseleyo. Okokuqala, ulwazi lwanamhlanje lukhawulelwe kwiipropathi ezibonakalayo zamaza ombane, kwaye indlela yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwamaza ombane ayikachazwanga [10, 27]. Ii-Microwaves, kubandakanywa amaza e-millimeter, zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukufunda ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane kunye neendlela zayo, nangona kunjalo, izifundo zamaza ombane wombane kwezinye iifrikhwensi, ngakumbi kwiifrikhwensi ukusuka kwi-100 kHz ukuya kwi-300 MHz kwaye ukusuka kwi-300 GHz ukuya kwi-10 THz, azikachazwa. Okwesibini, indlela yokubulala iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic ngamaza e-electromagnetic ayikacaciswanga, kwaye kuphela iintsholongwane ezingqukuva kunye nezinentonga eziye zaphononongwa [2]. Ukongeza, amasuntswana entsholongwane mancinci, awanaseli, aguquka ngokulula, kwaye asasazeka ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo enokuthintela ukungasebenzi kwentsholongwane. Itekhnoloji ye-Electromagnetic wave isafuna ukuphuculwa ukuze yoyise umqobo wokungasebenzi iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic. Okokugqibela, ukufunxwa okuphezulu kwamandla akhazimlayo ziimolekyuli zepolar kumbindi, njengeemolekyuli zamanzi, kubangela ukulahleka kwamandla. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwe-SRET kunokuchatshazelwa ziindlela ezininzi ezingachazwanga kwiintsholongwane [28]. Isiphumo se-SRET sinokuyiguqula intsholongwane ukuba iqhelane nendawo yayo, okukhokelela ekuchaseni amaza ombane [29].
Kwixesha elizayo, itekhnoloji yokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane isebenzisa amaza ombane wombane kufuneka iphuculwe ngakumbi. Uphando lwezenzululwazi olusisiseko kufuneka lujolise ekucaciseni indlela yokusebenza kwentsholongwane ngamaza ombane wombane. Umzekelo, indlela yokusebenzisa amandla eentsholongwane xa evezwe kumaza ombane, indlela eneenkcukacha yesenzo esingeyo-thermal esibulala iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic, kunye nendlela yesiphumo se-SRET phakathi kwamaza ombane kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane kufuneka zicaciswe ngocwangco. Uphando olusetyenziswayo kufuneka lugxininise kwindlela yokuthintela ukufunxwa ngokugqithisileyo kwamandla emitha ngeeamolekyuli zepolar, ukufunda isiphumo samaza ombane wombane wamaza ahlukeneyo kwiintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ze-pathogenic, kwaye ufunde ngeziphumo ezingezizo zobushushu zamaza ombane ekutshatyalalisweni kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic.
Amaza ombane abe yindlela ethembisayo yokungasebenzi kakuhle kweentsholongwane ze-pathogenic. Itekhnoloji ye-Electromagnetic wave inezibonelelo zongcoliseko oluphantsi, ixabiso eliphantsi, kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwentsholongwane ye-pathogen, enokoyisa imida yetekhnoloji yemveli yokulwa nentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukumisela iiparamitha zetekhnoloji ye-electromagnetic wave kunye nokucacisa indlela yokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane.
Idosi ethile yemitha ye-electromagnetic wave inokutshabalalisa ubume kunye nomsebenzi weentsholongwane ezininzi ze-pathogenic. Ukusebenza kokungasebenzi kwentsholongwane kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuphindaphinda, ukuxinana kwamandla, kunye nexesha lokuvezwa. Ukongezelela, iindlela ezinokubakho ziquka i-thermal, i-athermal, kunye ne-structural resonance effects of transfer energy. Xa kuthelekiswa netekhnoloji yemveli ye-antiviral, i-electromagnetic wave based virus inactivation inezibonelelo zokulula, ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nongcoliseko oluphantsi. Ke ngoko, ukwenziwa kusebenze intsholongwane ye-electromagnetic wave-mediated virus iye yaba yindlela ethembisayo ye-antiviral kwizicelo ezizayo.
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