Ingakanani ityhefu ye-Omicron eyehlileyo? Izifundo ezininzi zokwenyani zityhila

“Ubungozi be-Omicron busondele kakhulu kubungozi be-influenza yexesha elithile” kwaye “i-Omicron ayinabungozi kangako kune-Delta”. …… Kutshanje, iindaba ezininzi malunga nobungozi be-Omicron entsha ye-crown mutant ziye zasasazeka kwi-intanethi.

Enyanisweni, ukusukela oko kwavela uhlobo lwe-Omicron mutant ngoNovemba ka-2021 kunye nokuxhaphaka kwalo kwihlabathi liphela, uphando kunye nengxoxo malunga nokuba yingozi kunye nokudluliselwa kwayo kuye kwaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ithini iprofayili yokuba i-Omicron iyingozi ngoku? Luthini uphando ngayo?

Izifundo ezahlukeneyo zelebhu: I-Omicron ayinabungozi kangako
Enyanisweni, ukususela ngoJanuwari 2022, uphando oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseHong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine lufumanise ukuba i-Omicron (B.1.1.529) isenokuba ayibangeli zifo kangako xa ithelekiswa nohlobo lokuqala kunye nezinye iintlobo eziguquliweyo.
Kufunyaniswe ukuba uhlobo lwe-Omicron mutant alusebenzi kakuhle ekusebenziseni i-transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), ngelixa i-TMPRSS2 inokwenza kube lula ukuhlasela kweeseli ezihlala kuyo ngokususa iproteni ye-spike ye-coronavirus entsha. Kwangaxeshanye, abaphandi baqaphele ukuba ukuphindaphinda kwe-Omicron kuncitshiswe kakhulu kwimigca yeeseli zomntu iCalu3 kunye neCaco2.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Kwimodeli yegundane ye-k18-hACE2, ukuphindaphinda kwe-Omicron kuncitshisiwe kwiindawo zokuphefumla eziphezulu nezisezantsi zeempuku xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo lokuqala kunye ne-Delta mutant, kwaye isifo sayo semiphunga besingesibi kangako, ngelixa usulelo lwe-Omicron lubangele ukulahleka kobunzima kunye nokufa okuncinci kunohlobo lokuqala kunye ne-Alpha, Beta kunye ne-Delta mutants.
Ngenxa yoko, abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba ukuphindaphinda kwe-Omicron kunye nesifo sayo kunciphile kwiimpuku.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Ngomhla we-16 kuCanzibe 2022, iNature yapapasha iphepha likaYoshihiro Kawaoka, ingcali ephambili ye-virologist kwiYunivesithi yaseTokyo nakwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin, eqinisekisa okokuqala kwimodeli yezilwanyana ukuba i-Omicron BA.2 ngokwenene ayinabungozi kangako kunohlobo lokuqala lwangaphambili.

Abaphandi bakhethe iintsholongwane ze-BA.2 eziphilayo ezithathwe eJapan ukuze zosulele iimpuku ze-k18-hACE2 kunye neehamsters baza bafumanisa ukuba, emva kokosulelwa yidosi efanayo yentsholongwane, zombini iimpuku ezine-BA.2 kunye ne-BA.1 zazineempawu zentsholongwane eziphantsi kakhulu emiphungeni nasempumlweni kunosulelo lokuqala lwe-New Crown strain (p<0.0001).

Esi siphumo sisemgangathweni segolide siqinisekisa ukuba i-Omicron ngokwenene ayinabungozi kangako kuneyohlobo lokuqala lwasendle. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kwiintlobo zentsholongwane emiphungeni nasezimpumlweni zeemodeli zezilwanyana emva kosulelo lwe-BA.2 kunye ne-BA.1.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Uvavanyo lomthwalo wentsholongwane we-PCR lubonise ukuba zombini iimpuku ezine-BA.2 kunye ne-BA.1 zinemithwalo yentsholongwane ephantsi emiphungeni nasempumlweni kunohlobo lokuqala lweNew Crown, ingakumbi emiphungeni (p<0.0001).

Ngokufanayo neziphumo kwiimpuku, i-viral titres ezifunyenwe empumlweni nasemaphaphu kwi-hamsters ezine-BA.2 kunye ne-BA.1 zaziphantsi kunohlobo lokuqala emva 'kokugonywa' ngedosi efanayo yentsholongwane, ingakumbi emiphungeni, kwaye zaziphantsi kancinci empumlweni kwi-hamsters ezine-BA.2 kune-BA.1 - eneneni, isiqingatha se-hamsters ezine-BA.2 azizange zibe nosulelo emiphungeni.

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iintlobo zokuqala, i-BA.2 kunye ne-BA.1, azizange zikwazi ukusasazeka emva kokosuleleka – kuhambelana noko kuye kwabonwa ebantwini bokwenyani xa bosulelwe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezintsha ze-crown mutants.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Idatha yehlabathi lokwenyani: I-Omicron ayinakwenzeka kangako ukuba ibangele ukugula okunzulu

Izifundo ezininzi ezingentla zichaze ukwehla kobungozi be-Omicron kwiimodeli zezilwanyana zaselabhoratri, kodwa ngaba kunjalo nakwihlabathi lokwenyani?

Ngomhla wesi-7 kweyeSilimela ngo-2022, i-WHO yapapasha ingxelo evavanya umahluko kubunzima babantu abosulelekileyo ngexesha lobhubhane lwe-Omicron (B.1.1.529) xa kuthelekiswa nobhubhane weDelta.

Ingxelo iquke izigulane ezintsha ezili-16,749 ezingeniswe kwi-coronary ezivela kuwo onke amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika, kuquka i-16,749 ezivela kwi-Delta epidemic (2021/8/2 ukuya ku-2021/10/3) kunye ne-17,693 ezivela kwi-Omicron epidemic (2021/11/15 ukuya ku-2022/2/16). Izigulane zikwahlulwe njengezinobunzima, ezinzulu nezingengobungozi.

Okubalulekileyo: ukufumana umoya ongenileyo, okanye ioksijini kunye neoksijini ye-transnasal ehamba ngesantya esiphezulu, okanye ioksijini ye-extracorporeal membrane (ECMO), okanye ukungeniswa kwi-ICU ngexesha lokulala esibhedlele.
-nzima kakhulu (nzima): wafumana ioksijini ngexesha lokulaliswa esibhedlele
-akungobunzima: ukuba akukho nanye kwezi meko zingasentla efezekiswayo, isigulana asingobunzima.

Idatha ibonise ukuba kwiqela leDelta, ama-49.2% ayenobuzaza, ama-7.7% ayenobuzaza kwaye ama-28% abo bonke abaguli abaneDelta esibhedlele bafa, ngelixa kwiqela le-Omicron, ama-28.1% ayenobuzaza, ama-3.7% ayenobuzaza kwaye i-15% yabo bonke abaguli abane-Omicron esibhedlele bafa. Kwakhona, ubude obuphakathi bokuhlala yayiziintsuku ezisi-7 kwiqela leDelta xa kuthelekiswa neentsuku ezi-6 kwiqela le-Omicron.

Ukongeza, ingxelo ihlalutye izinto ezichaphazela ubudala, isini, imeko yokugonywa kunye nezinye izifo ezihambisana noko, yaza yagqiba kwelokuba i-Omicron (B.1.1.529) inxulunyaniswa namathuba aphantsi okugula kakhulu (95% CI: 0.41 ukuya ku-0.46; p<0.001) kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi wokufa esibhedlele (95% CI: 0.59 ukuya ku-0.65; p<0.001).

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-Omicron, uphando olongezelelweyo luye lwahlalutya ukuba ziyingozi kangakanani.

Uphononongo oluvela eNew England luhlalutye amatyala angama-20770 eDelta, amatyala angama-52605 e-Omicron B.1.1.529 kunye namatyala angama-29840 e-Omicron BA.2, kwaye lufumanise ukuba inani lokufa yi-0.7% kwiDelta, i-0.4% kwi-B.1.1.529 kunye ne-0.3% kwi-BA.2. Emva kokulungisa izinto ezididayo, olu phononongo lugqibe kwelokuba umngcipheko wokufa uphantsi kakhulu kwi-BA.2 xa kuthelekiswa neDelta kunye ne-B.1.1.529.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Olunye uphando oluvela eMzantsi Afrika luvavanye umngcipheko wokulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nomngcipheko weziphumo ezibi kwiDelta, BA.1, BA.2 kunye neBA.4/BA.5. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba kwizigulane ezisandula ukosuleleka ezingama-98,710 ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlalutyo, ezingama-3825 (3.9%) zangeniswa esibhedlele, apho ezili-1276 (33.4%) zafumana isifo esibi.

Phakathi kwabo basuleleke ziinguqu ezahlukeneyo, ama-57.7% ezigulana ezine-Delta zifumene isifo esibi (97/168), xa kuthelekiswa nama-33.7% ezigulana ezine-BA.1 (990/2940), ama-26.2% e-BA.2 (167/637) kunye nama-27.5% e-BA.4/BA.5 (22/80). Uhlalutyo lwe-Multivariate lubonise ukuba amathuba okufumana isifo esibi phakathi kwabo basulelekileyo yi-Delta > BA.1 > BA.2, ngelixa amathuba okufumana isifo esibi phakathi kwabo basulelekileyo yi-BA.4/BA.5 ayengafani kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-BA.2.
Ukunciphisa ubundlongondlongo, kodwa kufuneka ulumke

Izifundo zelebhu kunye nedatha yokwenyani evela kumazwe aliqela ibonise ukuba i-Omicron kunye neentlobo zayo azinabungozi kangako kwaye azinakwenzeka ukuba zibangele izifo ezinzulu kunezo zokuqala kunye nezinye iintlobo eziguquliweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, inqaku lophononongo kwiphephancwadi likaJanuwari 2022 le-The Lancet, elinesihloko esithi 'Milder but not mild', liphawule ukuba nangona usulelo lwe-Omicron lubalelwa kwi-21% yokungeniswa esibhedlele kubemi abancinci baseMzantsi Afrika, inani lokuqhambuka okubangela izifo ezinzima lisenokunyuka kubemi abanamanqanaba ahlukeneyo osulelo kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okugonywa. (Nangona kunjalo, kweli nani liselula laseMzantsi Afrika, i-21% yezigulana ezikwisibhedlele ezosulelwe yi-SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant yayine-oucome enzima yeklinikhi, inani elinokwanda kwaye libangele impembelelo enkulu ngexesha lokuqhambuka kubemi abanamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba aphantsi okuzikhusela okubangelwa lusulelo okanye okubangelwa lugonyo.)

Ekupheleni kwengxelo ye-WHO ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili, iqela liqaphele ukuba nangona ukwehla kobungozi bohlobo lwangaphambili, phantse isithathu kwisithathu sezigulane ze-Omicron (B.1.1.529) ezilaliswe esibhedlele zifumene isifo esinzima, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-crown mutants ziqhubekile nokubangela ukugula nokufa okuphezulu kubantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekileyo okanye abangagonywanga. (Singathanda nokulumkisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwethu alufanele lubonwe njengoluxhasa ibali 'elincinci'. Phantse isithathu kwizigulane ze-Omicron ezilaliswe esibhedlele zifumene isifo esinzima kwaye i-15% yafa; amanani abaluleke kakhulu…Phakathi kwabantu abasengozini, oko kukuthi, izigulane ezikwiminyaka ephezulu kakhulu, kubantu abanomthwalo ophezulu we-comorbid, kwizigulane ezibuthathaka naphakathi kwabantu abangagonywanga, i-COVID-19 (zonke ii-VOC) ziyaqhubeka negalelo ekuguleni nasekufeni okukhulu.)

Idatha yangaphambili evela kwi-Omicron xa yabangela igagasi lesihlanu lobhubhane eHong Kong ibonise ukuba ukusukela nge-4 kaMeyi 2022, bekukho abantu abayi-9115 ababhubhileyo kwi-1192765 yamatyala asandul’ ukumiselwa ngexesha legagasi lesihlanu (izinga lokufa elingaqhelekanga eliyi-0.76%) kunye nezinga lokufa elingaqhelekanga eliyi-2.70% kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala (malunga ne-19.30% yale minyaka yayingagonywanga).

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, yi-2% kuphela yabantu baseNew Zealand abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-60 ubudala abangagonywanga, nto leyo enxulumene kakhulu nezinga eliphantsi lokufa kwabantu abangaphiliyo eliyi-0.07% ngenxa yobhubhane omtsha we-crown.

Kwelinye icala, nangona kudla ngokuthiwa iNewcastle isenokuba sisifo esixhaphakileyo kwixesha elizayo, kukho iingcali zemfundo ezinembono eyahlukileyo.

Izazinzulu ezintathu ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kunye neZiko loPhando oluHlangeneyo lwe-European Union zikholelwa ukuba ubunzima obuphantsi be-Omicron busenokuba yinto eyenzeka ngengozi, kwaye ukuqhubeka nokuguquka okukhawulezayo kwe-antigenic (ukuguquka kwe-antigenic) kunokuzisa iintlobo ezintsha.

Ngokungafaniyo nokuphuma komzimba kunye nokudluliselwa kwezifo, eziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lokuzivelela, ubungozi besifo budla ngokuba 'yimveliso' yokuzivelela. Iintsholongwane ziyavela ukuze zikwazi ukusasazeka, kwaye oku kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kobungozi besifo. Umzekelo, ngokwandisa umthwalo wentsholongwane ukuze kube lula ukusasazeka, kunokubangela izifo ezinzulu ngakumbi.

Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kodwa ubungozi buya kubangela umonakalo omncinci kakhulu ngexesha lokusasazeka kwentsholongwane ukuba iimpawu ezibangelwa yintsholongwane zibonakala kamva kusulelo - njengakwimeko yeentsholongwane zomkhuhlane, i-HIV kunye neentsholongwane ze-hepatitis C, ukubala ezimbalwa, ezinexesha elaneleyo lokusasazeka ngaphambi kokuba zibangele iziphumo ezibi.

I-intanethi yomthombo wemifanekiso

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kunokuba nzima ukuqikelela indlela uhlobo olutsha lwe-crown mutant oluza kwenzeka ngayo ukusuka kwi-Omicron enobungozi obuphantsi, kodwa iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba ugonyo olutsha lwe-crown lubonakalise umngcipheko ophantsi wokugula kakhulu nokufa kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-mutant, kwaye ukwanda ngamandla kwamanani okugonywa kwabantu kuseyindlela ebalulekileyo yokulwa nobhubhane kweli nqanaba.
Umbulelo: Eli nqaku lihlolwe ngobuchule nguPanpan Zhou, PhD, iTsinghua University School of Medicine kunye nePostdoctoral Fellow, iScripps Research Institute, e-USA.
I-reagent ye-antigen yokuzivavanya ye-Omicron ekhaya