Ukuphononongwa kweEmpirical Misconceptions kuPhando lwezeNzululwazi

Inzululwazi yobomi yinzululwazi yendalo esekwe kwimifuniselo. Kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, izazinzulu ziye zatyhila imithetho esisiseko yobomi, efana ne-double helix structure ye-DNA, iindlela zokulawula imizila yemfuza, ukusebenza kweprotein, kwaneendlela zokubonisa iiselula, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zovavanyo. Noko ke, kanye ngenxa yokuba iinzululwazi zobomi zithembele kakhulu kwimifuniselo, kwakhona kulula ukuzala "iimpazamo zobungqina" kuphando - ukuthembela ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwedatha ye-empirical, ngelixa ngoyaba imfuneko yolwakhiwo lwethiyori, ukulinganiselwa kwendlela, kunye nokuqiqa okungqongqo.Namhlanje, makhe sihlolisise iimpazamo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zobungqina kuphando lwesayensi yobomi kunye:

Idatha yiNyaniso: Ukuqondwa ngokuPheleleyo kweZiphumo zoMfuniselo

Kuphando lwebhayoloji yemolekyuli, idatha yovavanyo ihlala ithathwa njengobungqina be-ironclad '. Abaphandi abaninzi bakholisa ukuphakamisa ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo zovavanyo kwizigqibo zethiyori. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zovavanyo zihlala ziphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neemeko zovavanyo, ubunyulu besampulu, ubuntununtunu bokubona, kunye neempazamo zobugcisa. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukungcoliseka okulungileyo kwi-fluorescence quantitative PCR. Ngenxa yendawo enyiniweyo kunye neemeko zovavanyo kwiilabhoratri zophando ezininzi, kulula ukubangela ungcoliseko lwe-aerosol yeemveliso ze-PCR. Oku kuhlala kukhokelela kwiisampulu ezingcolisekileyo eziqhuba amaxabiso asezantsi kakhulu e-Ct kunemeko yokwenyani ngexesha le-PCR yobungakanani befluorescence elandelayo. Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo ezingalunganga zisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo ngaphandle kocalucalulo, ziya kukhokelela kuphela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-20, izazinzulu zafumanisa ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ukuba i-nucleus yeseli iqulethe isixa esikhulu seeprotheni, ngelixa icandelo le-DNA lingatshatanga kwaye libonakala "linolwazi oluncinci". Ngoko, abantu abaninzi bagqiba kwelokuba “inkcazelo yemfuza imele ibekho kwiiproteni.” Ngokwenene le “yayiyingqikelelo esengqiqweni” esekelwe kumava ngelo xesha. Kwakungekho kude kube yi-1944 ukuba u-Oswald Avery enze uluhlu lweemvavanyo ezichanekileyo ukuba waqala ukungqina okokuqala ukuba yi-DNA, kungekhona iiprotheni, yayingumthwali wokwenene welifa. Oku kwaziwa njengendawo yokuqala yebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Oku kukwabonisa ukuba nangona inzululwazi yobomi iyinzululwazi yendalo esekwe kuvavanyo, imifuniselo ethile idla ngokusikelwa umda luthotho lwezinto ezifana noyilo lovavanyo kunye neendlela zobugcisa. Ukuxhomekeka kuphela kwiziphumo zovavanyo ngaphandle kokuxhuzulwa okunengqiqo kunokukhokelela lula uphando lwenzululwazi.

Ulungelelaniso: ukwenziwa ngokubanzi kwedatha yasekuhlaleni kwiipateni zehlabathi

Ukuntsokotha kweziganeko zobomi kumisela ukuba isiphumo sovavanyo esinye sihlala sibonakalisa imeko kwimeko ethile. Kodwa abaphandi abaninzi badla ngokukhawulezisa ukwenza izinto ezibonwa kumgca weseli, imodeli yezinto eziphilayo, okanye iseti yeesampulu okanye iimvavanyo kuye wonke umntu okanye ezinye iintlobo. Intetho eqhelekileyo eviwa elabhoratri ithi: 'Ndenze kakuhle kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa andikwazanga ukuphumelela ngeli xesha.' Lo ngowona mzekelo uxhaphakileyo wokuphatha idatha yendawo njengepateni yehlabathi. Xa uqhuba iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo kunye neebhetshi ezininzi zeesampulu ezivela kwiibhetshi ezahlukeneyo, le meko iyakwazi ukwenzeka. Abaphandi banokucinga ukuba bafumene "umgaqo wendalo yonke", kodwa eneneni, yinkohliso yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ezibekwe ngaphezulu kwidatha. Olu hlobo 'lwe-technical false positive' lwaluxhaphake kakhulu kuphando lwetshiphu yemfuza yakuqala, kwaye ngoku iyenzeka ngamaxesha athile kubuchwephesha obuphezulu obufana nolandelelwano lweseli enye.

Ingxelo ekhethiweyo: ukubonisa kuphela idatha ehlangabezana nokulindelweyo

Unikezelo lwedatha olukhethiweyo yenye yezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo kodwa zikwayingozi kuphando lwebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Abaphandi badla ngokungayihoyi okanye bajonge phantsi idatha engahambelani ne-hypotheses, kwaye banike ingxelo kuphela "impumelelo" yeziphumo zovavanyo, ngaloo ndlela bedala indawo engaguqukiyo kodwa echaseneyo yophando. Le yenye yezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo ezenziwa ngabantu kumsebenzi wophando lwenzululwazi. Bamisela kwangaphambili iziphumo ezilindelekileyo ekuqaleni kovavanyo, kwaye emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, bagxila kuphela kwiziphumo zovavanyo ezihlangabezana nokulindela, kwaye ziphelise ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo ezingahambelani nokulindela njenge "iimpazamo zovavanyo" okanye "iimpazamo zokusebenza". Oku kuhluzwa kwedatha okukhethiweyo kuya kukhokelela kuphela kwiziphumo zethiyori ezingachanekanga. Le nkqubo ubukhulu becala ayenzelwanga ngabom, kodwa yindlela yokuziphatha engaphantsi kwengqondo yabaphandi, kodwa ihlala ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Owawongwa ngembasa yeNobel uLinus Pauling wakha wakholelwa ukuba idosi ephezulu yevithamin C inokunyanga umhlaza kwaye “ingqine” le mbono ngedatha yovavanyo lwakwangoko. Kodwa ulingo olubanzi olulandelayo lwezonyango luye lwabonisa ukuba ezi ziphumo aziqinisekanga kwaye azinakuphinda ziphindwe. Olunye uvavanyo lude lubonise ukuba ivithamin C inokuphazamisana nonyango oluqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kusekho inani elikhulu lemithombo yeendaba ezizimeleyo ezicaphula idatha yovavanyo yokuqala kaNas Bowling ukukhuthaza into ebizwa ngokuba yithiyori yecala elinye yonyango lwe-Vc yomhlaza, echaphazela kakhulu unyango oluqhelekileyo lwabaguli abanomhlaza.

Ukubuyela kumoya we-empiricism kunye nokuwodlula

Undoqo wenzululwazi yobomi yinzululwazi yendalo esekwe kwimifuniselo. Iimvavanyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokungqinisiswa kwethiyori, endaweni yokuba kusetyenziswe undoqo wokuthatha indawo yokuxhuzulwa kwethiyori. Ukuvela kweempazamo zobungqina kudla ngokuvela kwinkolelo emfamekileyo yabaphandi kwidatha yovavanyo kunye nokungonelanga kwengcinga yethiyori kunye nendlela yokusebenza.
Uvavanyo kuphela kwekhrayitheriya yokugweba ubunyani bethiyori, kodwa ayinakuthatha indawo yokucinga kwethiyori. Inkqubela phambili yophando lwezenzululwazi ayixhomekanga kuphela ekuqokeleleni idatha, kodwa nakwisikhokelo esinengqiqo kunye nengqiqo ecacileyo. Kwicandelo elikhula ngokukhawuleza lebhayoloji yemolekyuli, kuphela ngokuqhubeka nokuphucula ubungqongqo boyilo lovavanyo, uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokucinga okuphangaleleyo apho sinokukuphepha ukuwela kumgibe wokuqina kwaye siqhubele phambili ekuqondeni kokwenyani kwezenzululwazi.