Ukuphononongwa kweeNgcinga ezingachanekanga kwiPhando lwezeNzululwazi

Isayensi yobomi yisayensi yendalo esekelwe kwiimvavanyo. Kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, izazinzulu zityhile imithetho esisiseko yobomi, efana nesakhiwo se-DNA esine-helix ephindwe kabini, iindlela zokulawula izakhi zofuzo, imisebenzi yeproteni, kunye neendlela zokubonisa iiseli, ngeendlela zovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba kanye isayensi yobomi ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimvavanyo, kulula nokuzala "iimpazamo ezingaqhelekanga" kuphando - ukuthembela kakhulu okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwedatha eqinisekisiweyo, ngelixa singayinaki imfuneko yokwakhiwa kwethiyori, imida yendlela, kunye nokuqiqa okungqongqo. Namhlanje, makhe sihlolisise iimpazamo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo eziqinisekisiweyo kuphando lwesayensi yobomi kunye:

Idatha yiNyaniso: Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zovavanyo

Kuphando lwebhayoloji yemolekyuli, idatha yovavanyo idla ngokuthathwa njengobungqina obuqinileyo. Abaphandi abaninzi bathambekele ekunyuseni ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo zovavanyo zibe zizigqibo zethiyori. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zovavanyo zihlala ziphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neemeko zovavanyo, ubumsulwa besampulu, uvakalelo lokufumanisa, kunye neempazamo zobugcisa. Eyona ixhaphakileyo kukungcola okuhle kwi-PCR yobungakanani be-fluorescence. Ngenxa yendawo encinci kunye neemeko zovavanyo kwiilabhoratri ezininzi zophando, kulula ukubangela ukungcola kwemveliso ye-PCR nge-aerosol. Oku kuhlala kukhokelela kwiisampuli ezingcolileyo ezisebenzisa amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu e-Ct kunemeko yokwenyani ngexesha le-PCR yobungakanani be-fluorescence elandelayo. Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo ezingalunganga zisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo ngaphandle kokukhetha, kuya kukhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo kuphela. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu zafumanisa ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ukuba i-nucleus yeseli ineeproteni ezininzi, ngelixa icandelo le-DNA linye kwaye libonakala "linomxholo wolwazi oluncinci". Ngoko ke, abantu abaninzi bagqibe kwelokuba "ulwazi lwemfuza kufuneka lubekho kwiiproteni." Oku ngokwenene "yayingumbono ofanelekileyo" osekelwe kumava ngelo xesha. Kude kube ngu-1944 apho u-Oswald Avery wenza uthotho lweemvavanyo ezichanekileyo awathi wazibonakalisa okokuqala ukuba yi-DNA, kungekhona iiproteni, eyayiyiyo ethwala ilifa. Oku kwaziwa njengendawo yokuqala yebhayoloji yeemolekyuli. Oku kubonisa nokuba nangona isayensi yobomi iyisayensi yendalo esekelwe kwiimvavanyo, iimvavanyo ezithile zihlala zithintelwa luthotho lwezinto ezifana noyilo lweemvavanyo kunye neendlela zobugcisa. Ukuthembela kuphela kwiziphumo zovavanyo ngaphandle kokucinga okunengqiqo kunokukhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kophando lwesayensi ngokulula.

Ukwenziwa ngokubanzi: ukwenza idatha yendawo ibe yipatheni yendalo yonke

Ubunzima bezinto ezibangela ubomi bubonisa ukuba isiphumo esinye sovavanyo sidla ngokubonisa imeko kwimeko ethile. Kodwa abaphandi abaninzi badla ngokuthetha ngokungxama ngezinto ezibonwe kumgca weseli, kwimo yendalo, okanye nakwiseti yeesampulu okanye iimvavanyo kubantu bonke okanye kwezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana. Intetho eqhelekileyo eviwa kwilabhoratri ithi: 'Ndenze kakuhle kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa andikwazanga kukwazi ukwenza oku ngeli xesha.' Lo ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokuphatha idatha yendawo njengepatheni yendalo yonke. Xa kusenziwa iimvavanyo eziphindaphindwayo ngeebhetshi ezininzi zeesampulu ezivela kwiibhetshi ezahlukeneyo, le meko inokwenzeka. Abaphandi banokucinga ukuba bafumene "umthetho wendalo yonke", kodwa eneneni, yingcamango nje yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ezibekwe kwidatha. Olu hlobo 'lwe-technical false positive' lwaluqhelekile kakhulu kuphando lokuqala lwe-gene chip, kwaye ngoku lukwavela ngamanye amaxesha kubuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengokulandelelana kweseli enye.

Ingxelo ekhethiweyo: ukubonisa idatha ehlangabezana nolindelo kuphela

Ukuboniswa kwedatha ekhethiweyo yenye yezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo kodwa ziyingozi kuphando lwebhayoloji yemolekyuli. Abaphandi badla ngokungayinaki okanye ukuyithoba idatha engahambelaniyo neengcinga, kwaye baxela kuphela iziphumo zovavanyo "eziphumeleleyo", ngaloo ndlela bedala imeko-bume yophando ehambelanayo kodwa echaseneyo. Le yenye yeempazamo eziqhelekileyo ezenziwa ngabantu kumsebenzi wophando lwesayensi osebenzayo. Babeka kwangaphambili iziphumo ezilindelweyo ekuqaleni kovavanyo, kwaye emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, bagxila kuphela kwiziphumo zovavanyo ezihlangabezana nolindelo, kwaye basuse ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo ezingahambelani nolindelo njenge "zimpazamo zovavanyo" okanye "iimpazamo zokusebenza". Olu hluzo lwedatha olukhethiweyo luya kukhokelela kuphela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga zethiyori. Le nkqubo ayisiyonjongo, kodwa yindlela yokuziphatha engaphantsi kwengqondo yabaphandi, kodwa idla ngokukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi ngakumbi. ULinus Pauling, ophumelele ibhaso leNobel, wayekholelwa ukuba i-vitamin C ephezulu inokunyanga umhlaza kwaye "wayingqina" le mbono ngedatha yovavanyo lwasekuqaleni. Kodwa iimvavanyo ezininzi zeklinikhi ezalandelayo zibonise ukuba ezi ziphumo azizinzanga kwaye azinakuphindwa. Ezinye iimvavanyo zibonisa nokuba i-vitamin C inokuphazamisana nonyango oluqhelekileyo. Kodwa nanamhlanje, kusekho inani elikhulu leenkampani ezizisebenzisa ngokwazo ezicaphula idatha yokuqala yovavanyo lukaNas Bowling ukukhuthaza ithiyori ebizwa ngokuba yi-one-side theory yonyango lwe-Vc lomhlaza, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu unyango oluqhelekileyo lwezigulane ezinomhlaza.

Ukubuyela kumoya wobukrelekrele bokukholelwa empuricism nokuwudlula

Isiseko sesayensi yobomi yisayensi yendalo esekelwe kwizilingo. Iizilingo kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokuqinisekisa ithiyori, endaweni yesiseko esinengqondo sokutshintsha ukucazululwa kwethiyori. Ukuvela kweempazamo zobungqina kudla ngokuvela kukholo olungaboniyo lwabaphandi kwidatha yovavanyo kunye nokucamngca okunganelanga kwindlela yokucinga yethiyori kunye nendlela yokusebenza.
Uvavanyo lolona khetho lubalulekileyo lokugweba ubunyani bethiyori, kodwa alunakuthatha indawo yokucinga ngethiyori. Inkqubela phambili yophando lwesayensi ayixhomekekanga kuphela ekuqokeleleni idatha, kodwa nakwisikhokelo esinengqondo kunye nengqiqo ecacileyo. Kwintsimi ekhula ngokukhawuleza yebhayoloji yeemolekyuli, kuphela ngokuphucula ngokuqhubekayo uyilo oluqinileyo lovavanyo, uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokucinga okunzulu apho sinokuphepha ukuwela kumgibe we-empiricism kwaye siqhubekele kwingqiqo yesayensi yokwenyani.